The future potential of fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) in managing neonatal fungal infections

Abstract

Fungal extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have emerged as significant mediators in the pathogenesis of neonatal fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. These nanostructures are increasingly recognised for their dual role in both facilitating infection, through mechanisms such as immune evasion and antifungal resistance, and offering novel therapeutic opportunities. This article explores the multifaceted interactions between fungal EVs and the neonatal immune system, emphasising the critical balance between their detrimental and potentially beneficial immunomodulatory effects. Given the immunological immaturity of neonates, understanding the dynamics of these vesicles is vital for developing targeted interventions. The discussion further extends to the future potential of engineering fungal EVs as safe, precise, and effective tools for treating neonatal mycoses. By synthesising emerging findings, this work contributes to the evolving landscape of neonatal care and proposes forward-looking strategies to harness fungal EVs in clinical applications.